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Background: As the COVID era unfolds, researchers reveal that rapid changes in viral genetic material allow viruses to circumvent challenges triggered by the host immune system and resist anti-viral drugs, potentially leading to persistent viral manifestations in host cells. Molnupiravir (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor) is a novel anti-viral medicine promising a vital role in coming setbacks.Objectives: This review aims to clarify the safety and efficacy of the molnupiravir molecule in light of existing case studies. As a result, it is intended to explore and discuss the molecular structure, mechanism of action, discovery and development process, preclinical research, clinical investigations, and other subtopics.Methods: A total of 75 publications were searched using multiple engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and others, with a constraint applied to exclude publications published over 11 years ago. Molnupiravir, safety, efficacy, COVID- 19, RdRp, PK-PD, and clinical study were utilized as keywords.Results: Clinical results on molnupiravir are supported by investigations that were recently disclosed in a study on both sex volunteers (male and female) with an age restriction of 19 to 60 years, followed by a Phase-3 Clinical Trial (NCT04575584) with 775 randomly assigned participants and no fatalities reported due to treatment.Conclusion: Molnupiravir proved a high level of safety, allowing it to be tested further. This review supports the safety and efficacy of this molecule based on the established evidence, which claims the most anticipated employment of molnupiravir in COVID protocol.
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Robotics is a disruptive technology that has already revolutionized patient healthcare globally. This technology is presently helping to perform various essential tasks such as conducting operations via numerous specializations and managing the entire operating room. Robot surgery is, in reality, available worldwide for knee substitution, correction of the hernia, and colon resection. Surgical robots entered the operating theatres far before entering other medicine-related robotics applications and now facilitate better outcomes for a whole range of healthcare products. In the COVID-19 pandemic, some robots were used in hospitals to deliver medicines, screen, perform odd jobs, and maintain hygienic conditions. This paper provides an overview about robotics and its various applications useful for healthcare. Significant enhancement, quality services, and advancements in healthcare services are also discussed. Here, we have identified the role of robotics in healthcare as a technology that dramatically changes the healthcare field. An artificial intelligence robot can duplicate creativity via algorithms, and its programming too plays a crucial role. Hospitals can now save time and money by removing the need for physical chores for different jobs. It is helpful for surgical training, exoskeletons, intelligent prostheses and bionics, robotic nurses, treatment, medicines, logistics, telepresence, and cleaning services. Robotics technologies such as gesture control, machine view, voice recognition, and touch sensor technology are also available. The future is bright with lower installation and maintenance costs.
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The revolutionary digital technology of drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has altered healthcare. This technology proved highly effective for healthcare, research, start-ups, and large corporations. Various drones are used across the industries such as infrastructure, transportation, insurance, telecommunications, agriculture, media and entertainment, security, and mining. Drones have been utilized to help the medical industry for several years, with numerous start-up firms with considerable investment-testing innovative methods. This new drone delivery network will give healthcare practitioners and the communities they serve better access to critically needed therapeutic goods. Compared to traditional approaches, drones to map disaster zones give better cost savings and faster reaction times. Drones can immediately deploy, provide high-resolution and three-dimensional (3D) mapping, identify hotspot locations with the most damage, and upload data in real-time to coordinate rescue operations. This study is mainly about drones and their primary functions. Devoted features and various aspects associated with drone technology for healthcare are briefly discussed and, finally, significant applications of drones for healthcare are identified and discussed. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light several long-hidden health disparities worldwide. Drones have resulted in innovation, such as the unprecedented success of developing new vaccinations at record speed. Drones can distribute vaccinations in low-income countries, lowering transportation costs and increasing immunization rates. People are now receiving good care, and the medical infrastructure is also improving, which is made possible by drone technology.
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Introduction:Vitamin D plays a protective role against COVID-19. Patients with deficiency of vitamin D are more prone to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is known to enhance human ß-defensin 2 and antimicrobial peptide. Vitamin D can easily stabilise and manage immunological reactions against SARS-CoV-2. It can also suppress the cytokine storm by boosting the innate system. Material and methods: RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 positive subjects were divided into two groups, one comprising asymptomatic subjects (Group 1) and the other one ICU admitted patients (Group 2). In both groups, various comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, renal disease and malignancy were taken into consideration. Vitamin D estimation was performed along with serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ferritin using automated immunoassays on Siemens Advia Centaur XP. Results:On acknowledging the cut-off serum concentration level of vitamin D as < 30 ng/mL for establishing vitamin D deficiency the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 66.18% in Group 1 and 98.30% in Group 2. Diabetes mellitus, followed by hypertension was associated comorbidity in both groups. In total, 33 patients were found to be severely deficient (<10 ng/mL) in vitamin D, out of which 27 were critically ill and six asymptomatic. In both groups, diabetes mellitus, followed by hypertension were the highest comorbid associations. Fatality rate (discharge vs fatality) was 0% in Group 1 and 16.94% (10 patients died) in Group 2. Conclusion:To conclude, the present study addressed the significant relationship between vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D deficiency distinctly upswings the chance of disease severity as well as mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Regular hospital visits can be expensive, particularly in rural areas, due to travel costs. In the era of the Covid-19 Pandemic, where physical interaction becomes risky, people prefer telemedicine. Fortunately, medical visits can be reduced when telemedicine services are used through video conferencing or other virtual technologies. Thus, telemedicine saves both the patient's and the health care provider time and the cost of the treatment. Furthermore, due to its fast and advantageous characteristics, it can streamline the workflow of hospitals and clinics. This disruptive technology would make it easier to monitor discharged patients and manage their recovery. As a result, it is sufficient to state that telemedicine can create a win-win situation. This paper aims to explore the significant capabilities, features with treatment workflow, and barriers to the adoption of telemedicine in Healthcare. The paper identifies seventeen significant applications of telemedicine in Healthcare. Telemedicine is described as a medical practitioner to diagnose and treat patients in a remote area. Using health apps for scheduled follow-up visits makes doctors and patients more effective and improves the probability of follow-up, reducing missing appointments and optimising patient outcomes. Patients should have an accurate medical history and show the doctor any prominent rashes, bruises, or other signs that need attention through the excellent quality audio-video system. Further, practitioners need file management and a payment gateway system. Telemedicine technologies allow patients and doctors both to review the treatment process. However, this technology supplements physical consultation and is in no way a substitute for a physical consultation. Today this technology is a safe choice for patients who cannot go to the doctor or sit at home, especially during a pandemic.
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World health organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern and then as a pandemic on 30th of January and 11th of March 2020, respectively. After such concern, the world scientific communities have rushed to search for solutions to bring down the disease’s spread, fast-paced vaccine development, and associated medical research using modern technologies. Biosensor technologies play a crucial role in diagnosing various medical diseases, including COVID-19. The present paper describes the major advancement of biosensor-based technological solutions for medical diagnosis, including COVID-19. This review-based work covers the biosensors and their working principles in the context of medical applications. The paper also discusses different biosensors and their applications to tackle medical issues, including this ongoing pandemic.
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Cloud computing facilitates collaboration, communication, and essential online services during the COVID-19 crisis. The current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic has compelled people to work from their homes, but they have to communicate, collaborate online. Thus, we see an essential role of cloud computing in taking up this challenge of working from home and delivering efficiently. A brief review of Cloud Computing service in the context of COVID-19 pandemic is done using recent papers’ by searching keywords such as “Cloud Computing” and “COVID-19” from PubMed’s database SCOPUS and Google Scholar. During the lockdown situation, cloud computing technology helps provide commendable service in the healthcare domain. It provides an advanced infrastructure for facilitating digital transformation. A brief discussion has been made on how cloud computing components are vital for overcoming the ongoing situation. This paper also studies the remote working of cloud computing for the COVID-19 pandemic and finally identified significant cloud computing applications for the COVID-19 pandemic. All countries focus on reducing this virus’s spread, so this technology helps minimize the spread of this virus by providing online services. It provides an innovative environment that enhances the creativity and productivity of healthcare workers. This technology is efficient in detecting, tracking, and monitoring newly infected patients. In the future, this technology will insight and provide control over this infection to save millions of lives worldwide. This technology is also quite helpful to forecast the future impact of the SARS-Co-2 virus.
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Machine learning is an innovative approach that has extensive applications in prediction. This technique needs to be applied for the COVID-19 pandemic to identify patients at high risk, their death rate, and other abnormalities. It can be used to understand the nature of this virus and further predict the upcoming issues. This literature-based review is done by searching the relevant papers on machine learning for COVID-19 from the databases of SCOPUS, Academia, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate. This research attempts to discuss the significance of machine learning in resolving the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This paper studied how machine learning algorithms and methods can be employed to fight the COVID-19 virus and the pandemic. It further discusses the primary machine learning methods that are helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic. We further identified and discussed algorithms used in machine learning and their significant applications. Machine learning is a useful technique, and this can be witnessed in various areas to identify the existing drugs, which also seems advantageous for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. This learning algorithm creates interferences out of unlabeled input datasets, which can be applied to analyze the unlabeled data as an input resource for COVID-19. It provides accurate and useful features rather than a traditional explicitly calculation-based method. Further, this technique is beneficial to predict the risk in healthcare during this COVID-19 crisis. Machine learning also analyses the risk factors as per age, social habits, location, and climate.
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Health information technology (HIT) refers to the concept of applying cloud-based services, internet, connected network, etc. in healthcare. It mainly utilizes electronic health records, information, and data related to the patients for providing the treatment and services in a more effective and advanced manner. This study attempts to propose roles and applications and identify the impact of the concept of HIT on serving the patients during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic period. This paper also assesses the significant impact of HIT in the healthcare sector during the COVID-19 crisis. The medical decision support, e-sign-off tools, bar-coding approach, advanced medicine dispensing, e-patient portals, etc. are numerous data-sharing and network system-based HIT services. It has many capabilities to shift the working culture of medical facilities while serving and treating patients with a higher care level and impressive satisfaction, especially so during this COVID-19 pandemic. Interoperability and tele-healthcare have also become practicable with the proposed HIT approach.
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Industry 5.0, the fifth industrial revolution, consists of smart digital information and manufacturing technologies. This industrial revolution generates effective processes and makes rapid improvement in industries and healthcare. Solutions to challenges posed by COVID-19 pandemic can be identified with the deployment of Industry 5.0-based technologies. It helps to provide personalized therapy and treatment processes to the COVID-19 patients if a detailed patient’s information is available. The aim of Industry 5.0 technologies is to create a smart healthcare environment with real-time capabilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these technologies can provide a remote monitoring system in healthcare. This paper identifies and studies major technologies of Industry 5.0 helpful for the COVID-19 pandemic. The supportive features of Industry 5.0 for the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed diagrammatically. Finally, we identified and studied significant challenges faced in the context of Industry 5.0 technologies for the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature revealed that this technological innovation allows a high personalization level to fulfill personal specific demands of the patient and doctors. These technologies play a significant role in making the life of doctors better. Further, doctors can use this technology to focus on critically infected patients and provide proper appropriate information regarding their better treatment. Moreover, Industry 5.0 technologies can help doctors and medical students for required medical training during this COVID-19 outbreak.
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The new global predicament situation has raised questions on our healthcare systems and its endurance to deliver quality medical services. It is for those tormented with COVID-19 and other patients suffering from other chronic, acute, trauma, and other communicable diseases while shielding the doctors, nurses, and other associated medical employees when treating the patients. The immense adaptation to sensors networks demonstrates its usefulness as a tool for the present so-called social distancing in the clinical monitoring of COVID-19 patients or other settings. The utilization of Wireless Medical Sensor Network (WMSN) upsurges the prominence for those who work for long hours treating COVID-19 patients, exposing themselves while risking their lives. This paper attempts to explore few good practices identified from the current pandemic, with a precise and robust vision of deploying sensor networks to accomplish quality healthcare while reducing the potential threat of COVID-19 transmission to general masses while treating others.
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Telemedicine (TM) is used to treat patients in a remote location by using telecommunication technology. It exchanges the medical information and data from one location to another through advanced technological innovation. During this COVID-19 pandemic, there is a lockdown in almost all countries. TM is beneficial to healthcare to minimize social distance. This review paper briefs about TM and discusses how this technology works for the COVID-19 pandemic and its significant benefits. An extensive search is made on the known research engines of PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate using the appropriate keywords to extract meaningful and relevant articles. Ten major applications of TM for COVID-19 are identified and discussed with a brief description of each provided. The major technological processes involved in TM, which create advancement in the medical field, are also discussed. This technology helps avoid visits to the doctor and hospital during the lockdown and provides a suitable treatment option. It collects the medical information and data, which can be helpful for better treatment of the patient. Telemedicine adopts virtualized treatment approaches for the patient. Now patients can receive better quality treatment without leaving their homes during COVID-19 lockdown.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Diabetes Mellitus , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Telemedicine , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humans , India , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During COVID-19 pandemic, researchers are using innovative technologies for fast-tracking the development to end this menace. Virtual Reality (VR) also offers an imperative role for fighting this pandemic, through audiovisual-based virtual communication. METHODS: A brief study on Virtual Reality and its applications for the COVID-19 pandemic is carried out by employing keywords as Virtual reality or VR and COVID-19 from the databases of SCOPUS, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of science Academia and ResearchGate. RESULTS: VR is beneficial for remote sites for exploring telemedicine, planning, treatment, and controlling of the infections by providing proper awareness to the people regarding this disease. CONCLUSIONS: VR technology develops a platform to reduce the face to face interaction of doctors with the infected COVID-19 patients. Through live video streaming, it helps to improve surveillance systems on the ongoing situation.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Telemedicine/trends , Virtual Reality , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Decision Support Systems, Clinical , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Pandemics/prevention & control , Patient Education as Topic , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Practice Patterns, Physicians'ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The current global challenge of COVID-19 pandemic has surpassed the provincial, radical, conceptual, spiritual, social, and pedagogical boundaries. Internet of Things (IoT) enabled healthcare system is useful for proper monitoring of COVID-19 patients, by employing an interconnected network. This technology helps to increase patient satisfaction and reduces readmission rate in the hospital. METHODS: Searched the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS and ResearchGate using the keywords "Internet of things" or "IoT" and "COVID-19". Further inputs are also taken from blogs and relevant reports. RESULTS: IoT implementation impacts on reducing healthcare cost and improve treatment outcome of the infected patient. Therefore, this present study based research is attempted to explore, discuss, and highlight the overall applications of the well-proven IoT philosophy by offering a perspective roadmap to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, twelve significant applications of IoT are identified and discussed. It has ultimately forced the researchers, academicians, and scientists to propose some productive solutions to overcome or confront this pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: IoT is helpful for an infected patient of COVID-19 to identify symptoms and provides better treatment rapidly. It is useful for patient, physician, surgeon and hospital management system.